NAD + -dependent signaling reactions, unlike NAD(P) + : NAD(P)H redox reactions, where the dinucleotide is not catabolized, do break apart the NAD + molecule, producing nicotinamide (NAM) as a byproduct (figure 4).[15] Because of this, they are often described as NAD + -consuming reactions (i.e., they consume the NAD + molecule)
Gram-negative microorganisms, sjuch as Bacteroides , possess many glycoside hydrolases and polysaccharide lyases (35), while Gram-positive bacteria, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium (36), primarily have glycoside hydrolases for breaking down different types of dietary fiber (53)
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